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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are medicated. It can help alleviate symptoms, but it also can cause side effects. If you experience any side effects, talk to your GP about them. The most common prescription medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters that control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice to treat ADHD in adults and children is the most commonly prescribed medication. It is effective by increasing the activity in brain regions that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other ailments like the condition known as narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from Narcolepsy to remain awake and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high abuse potential and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to decrease the chance of abuse and the adverse effects. Methylphenidate may trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics in some people with Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before taking this medication, those suffering from these conditions must tell their doctor. Inform your doctor if you are any other health problems or if you have an allergy to dyes or foods. (For example tartrazine is a yellow dye that can be present in processed foods and some medications. If you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other drugs, including opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid drinking alcohol and other stimulants while taking methylphenidate. These drugs can affect your heart rate or blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the oral disintegrating capsule that acts long-term and chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT) and the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) contain the chemical phenylalanine. medications for adhd in adults can be a risk in the case of a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria is present. Bupropion Bupropion, a medication that treats depression works on the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a kind of depression that is common in the fall and winter months. It is also used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Several studies of adults have shown that bupropion improves ADHD symptoms in comparison to placebo. The fixed effect RR pooled for week-6 improvements (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equates to 52% of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion can cause serious and life-threatening interactions when used in conjunction together with other drugs. These include sedatives and antidepressants as well as some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of having seizures in people with a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated for use by people with certain medical conditions. It is not recommended for women who are breastfeeding or pregnant. Bupropion comes in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants to be created, and even though they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression they can still be effective for some patients suffering from other conditions. They work by blocking the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, thereby increasing their availability within neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia, as well as the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are a prescription drug that can be used alone or together with stimulants and can have a beneficial impact on the symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core symptoms, and can reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. They can also aid in managing the tics. They are uncontrollable repeated movements or sounds such as blinking or clearing the throat. TCAs can cause side effects, like dry mouth, sedation, and constipation, and may increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs can interact negatively with other medications such as anticholinergics and should never be used by women who are pregnant. They are also known to be teratogenic for animals and may cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if you're concerned. There are newer antidepressants that are less likely of side negative effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a type of antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and impulse-driven behavior. They are often used as adhd medication because they improve symptoms in certain people and may be beneficial along with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine, and citalopram. medications for adhd in adults have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the body, yet they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in varying blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder, and the bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline could help in reducing PTSD symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can trigger a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications, it is important to speak with your doctor. A lot of people must try various types of ADHD medication before they find the one that suits them. There are always new medications being developed and studied. It is crucial to inform your healthcare provider about all medications you take. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) When stimulant drugs do not work for adults with ADHD doctors prescribe an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are more secure and have less side effects. They are used to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. They are also sometimes utilized as an additional treatment for depression. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain which is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increase in norepinephrine levels helps improve mood and attention. Although SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD Some doctors do use them as an alternative to stimulants. They are typically taken as pills. However they can also be used in liquid form or in patches. The FDA approved an oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree, to treat ADHD among adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled drug since it doesn't have the potential to be abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are prescribed for anxiety and depression, but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs like duloxetine or venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly decrease scores on various ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. It is crucial to consult with a doctor prior to taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication can harm both people and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe and effective, and have less adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss your child's symptoms. SNRIs aren't suitable for all people. For instance women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they may be absorbed into breast milk. Also, they should not be taken by those with high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication to improve their focus and concentration. Some might also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people understand how to control their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each person takes time. During this time doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find the right balance between benefits and side effects. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, increase the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. Although they are generally effective and safe for most people, they can trigger serious side effects such as reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects typically go away within some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant drugs are also available for children and adults. They can take longer to take effect however they can help improve concentration and impulse control. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine viloxazine, atomoxetine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also effective in treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter neopinephrine levels in the brain and assist with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant that has been employed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as an treatment.